The American Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

The American Dream - Essay Example Activists like Martin Luther King likewise called for opportunity that was increasingly aimed at the dark Americans yet not the entire America populace. The varieties recorded shows that the fantasy is some way or another distinctive to the individuals (Kelly 20). Despite the fact that the American dream is special and it implies distinctive to different people, accomplishing it is totally a hard and requesting task. One of the difficulties that make accomplishing the fantasy hard is the way that the open doors that exist in the nation are covered up and they require a blend of information and knowledge to get to. Like in a model, there are constrained openings for work that call for high capabilities while dominant part of the people don't meet the necessities (Horswell 43) Again, a large portion of the Americans despite everything have a solid accept that their issues arrangement lies in the possession of the administration and that huge organizations will help their monetary development without individual endeavors, subsequently making it difficult to accomplish the American dream (Kochan 63). At last, the American dream attempts to rouse expectations and good faith to the American individuals that are not joined by the proper asset to acco mplish. The aftereffect of this is the vast majority of the individuals concoct enormous dreams overlooking the way that, to meet these fantasies, there are framework required, asset assembly and improvement that should be instituted. To accomplish the upgrades, individuals should be occupied with well-paying employments, have quality training and buckle down which isn't the situation in the nation (Kelly 21). The independent venture adventures are the spine of the economy of the U.S on the grounds that it gives work to countless the Americans. The organizations make the majority of the occupations that individuals in the U.S are occupied with. It, hence, gets significant for the legislature to think of a sufficient method of financing and offering credit to the private venture to prod producing and the extension of the organizations (Ringer 80). The nature

How to Make Ice Cream in a Bag (No Freezer Needed)

Step by step instructions to Make Ice Cream in a Bag (No Freezer Needed) You can make dessert in a plastic sack as a pleasant science venture. The best part is you dont need a dessert creator or even a cooler. This is a fun and scrumptious food science venture that investigates the point of solidification despondency. Materials 1/4 cup sugar1/2 cup milk1/2 cup whipping cream (substantial cream)1/4 teaspoon vanilla or vanilla enhancing (vanillin)1 (quart) zipper-top baggie1 (gallon zipper-top baggie2 cups iceThermometer1/2 to 3/4 cup sodium chloride (NaCl) as table salt or rock saltMeasuring cups and spoonsCups and spoons for eating your treat! Methodology Include 1/4 cup sugar, 1/2 cup milk, 1/2 cup whipping cream, and 1/4 teaspoon vanilla to the quart zipperâ bag. Seal the pack securely.Put 2 cups of ice into the gallon plastic bag.Use a thermometer to gauge and record the temperature of the ice in the gallon bag.Add 1/2 to 3/4 cup salt (sodium chloride) to the sack of ice.Place the fixed quart sack inside the gallon sack of ice and salt. Seal the gallon sack securely.Gently rock the gallon pack from side to side. Its best to hold it by the top seal or to have gloves or a fabric between the pack and your hands on the grounds that the sack will be sufficiently cold to harm your skin.Continue to shake the sack for 10-15 minutes or until the substance of the quart sack have set into ice cream.Open the gallon sack and utilize the thermometer to gauge and record the temperature of the ice/salt mixture.Remove the quart pack, open it, serve the substance into cups with spoons and appreciate! How It Works Ice needs to ingest vitality so as to dissolve, changing the period of water from a strong to a fluid. At the point when you use ice to cool the elements for frozen yogurt, the vitality is assimilated from the fixings and from the outside condition (like your hands, on the off chance that you are holding the baggie of ice!). At the point when you add salt to the ice, it brings down the point of solidification of the ice, so much more vitality must be ingested from nature all together for the ice to soften. This makes the ice colder than it was previously, which is the means by which your dessert freezes. In a perfect world, you would make your frozen yogurt utilizing dessert salt, which is simply salt sold as huge gems rather than the little precious stones you find in table salt. The bigger gems set aside more effort to break down in the water around the ice, which takes into consideration in any event, cooling of the frozen yogurt. Substances That Separate Into Particles When Dissolving You could utilize different sorts of salt rather than sodium chloride, yet you couldnt substitute sugar for the salt on the grounds that (a) sugar doesnt break up well in chilly water and (b) sugar doesnt disintegrate into various particles, similar to an ionic material, for example, salt. Intensifies that break into two pieces after dissolving, as NaCl breaks into Na and Cl-, are better at bringing down the point of solidification than substances that dont separate into particles on the grounds that the additional particles disturb the capacity of the water to shape crystalline ice. The more particles there are, the more noteworthy the disturbance and the more prominent the effect on molecule subordinate properties (colligative properties) like the point of solidification despondency, breaking point height, and osmotic weight. The salt makes the ice assimilate more vitality from the earth (getting colder), so in spite of the fact that it brings down where water will re-hold up into ice, you cannot add salt to freezing ice and anticipate that it should hold up your frozen yogurt or de-ice a frigid walkway (water must be available!). This is the reason NaCl isnt used to de-ice walkways in zones that are freezing.

3 Backlinking Methods For High Quality Links

3 Backlinking Methods For High Quality Links Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!3 Backlinking Methods For High Quality LinksUpdated On 09/01/2016Author : NishadhaTopic : SEOShort URL : http://hbb.me/1ReSPAq CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogIn very simple terms Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is a numbers game. More back links you have more traffic you will get, both referral traffic and search engine traffic. But not all links are created equal. One quality link from an authority source can be more powerful than 100 sub standard links. But getting quality editorial links is not an easy task and in this article I will show you 3 unique ways to get some quality links.1. Help a ReporterIf not the best then definitely one of the good ways to get high quality back links from leading publications. This is a great way to get back links from industry leading blogs like ReadWriteWeb, Inc, Mashable, InformationWeek etc. A link from a quality resource like that can bring lots of traffic and boost your search engine rankings as well.The best thing is there are sites dedicated to connect reporters with information sources. My favorite site is Help a Reporter because you can subscribe to categories and also because you get two email everyday summarizing the queries. Most of the time I delete these mails because I cant contribute to the queries, but if an opportunity comes where I can contribute I do so quickly.Most bloggers and webmasters ignore this thinking they have nothing to contribute, but they are hugely mistaken. As mentioned in the site, everybodys an expert on something. Try your luck with them, you have nothing to lose and everything to gain.2. Give TestimonialsAnother great way to get quality back links and a good constant source of traffic as well. If you use a product and love it then send write a testimonial mentioning how awesome there product is. There is a good chance you will be features in their customer testimonial p age or in success stories page. Most product websites acquire high page rank and customer testimonial page is one of the frequently visited pages as well. So naturally you get traffic and a high quality link.READDo You Know The 3 P's To Achieve Blogging Success?Although its good to wax lyrical about the service or the software its important to mention how it helped you as well. Customer looking for testimonials and reviews want to know it solves the problem. Website owners are aware of this and they usually include testimonials that mention the problem solving part.3. Sponsor CompetitionsThe quality of the link varies according to the contest hosting blog, but it is a good way to get traffic and build your brand. There are hundreds of contests held on websites and obviously you cant sponsor them all. You need to pick them carefully depending on your objective.If youre looking to build links then its good to join contests where participants need to create a blog post linking to conte st sponsors. If 10 people participated that means you get 10 back links. Again the quality of the back links may vary, so you have to consider your return of investment.If you want to get notified about the new competitions happening around the web you simple need to create a Google alert for it. You can specify keywords to find the blog contests targeted for your niche.Mentioned above are some unique ways to build quality links. I have had great success with them and theres no reason why you cant have the same success. Any questions? The comments section awaits.

Detailed Essay Plan Is the Solution You’ve Been Looking for!

Students often forgo preparing a detailed plan when writing an essay; at most, they jot down an outline covering the main points. The idea seems to be that an essay is a fairly compact assignment – why spend an hour planning a text 500-1000 words long when you can just sit down and write it? Right? Wrong, in most cases. Let us tell you why writing a detailed essay plan can be extremely useful. You Won’t Miss Anything Most likely, you grossly overestimate your ability to keep all the facts in your head – usually you will discover that you’ve omitted a vital point early on, get back to it, forget what you were going to write next, repeat yourself, and so on. Having an essay plan eliminates this problem. It Makes Writing Faster Students who don’t want to waste valuable time preparing a plan don’t understand one simple thing: writing a plan isn’t a preliminary part of writing an essay, it is the main part of the assignment. If you prepare a proper plan, writing in detail what the topic sentence is going to be, what points are to be covered in which paragraph and what proofs you will use, jot down facts and statistics and so on – then the actual writing of an average essay won’t take more than 30 minutes, tops. You Don’t Have to Think, You Just Write Do your thinking when you prepare a plan, then you will have to simply give a smoother form to your already expressed thoughts. If you remember something that has to be mentioned in some other part of the essay while you are writing, you can easily add a note to your plan and get back to it later, without tearing yourself away from the part you writing right now. Your Essay Will Be Logically Organized When you just go with the flow and write an essay without a plan, it tends to get at least a little bit chaotic. Points follow one another in an illogical fashion, some details are repeated more than once, transitions are sloppy – quite often you will find it necessary to rearrange the essay before it acquires a suitable form. If you are using a word processor, it isn’t a big deal, but if you are writing by hand it turns into a longer, less efficient way than writing a plan. You Have Less Trouble with the Beginning The most problematic part of an essay is usually the beginning. What should the first sentence be? How is it going to be connected to the rest of the essay? With a plan at hand, you think of your essay in its entirety before you start writing, and only then think about the way to lead up to it. When you write without a plan, you thrash around blindly, hoping to stumble upon the beginning that will naturally grow into something. The obvious economy of time associated with the lack of planning is deceptive. You are going to waste much more time writing â€Å"naturally† than if you stop for a while and prepare

A History of the German Revolution of 1918 19

In 1918 – 19 Imperial Germany experienced a socialist-heavy revolution that, despite some surprising events and even a small socialist republic, would bring a democratic government. The Kaiser was rejected and a new parliament based at Weimar took over. However, Weimar ultimately failed and the question of whether the seeds of that failure began in the revolution if 1918-19 has never been decisively answered. Germany Fractures in World War One Like the other countries of Europe, much of Germany went into World War One believing it would be a short war and a decisive victory for them. But when the western front ground to a stalemate and the eastern front proved no more promising, Germany realized it had entered into a prolonged process it was poorly prepared for. The country began to take the necessary measures to support the war, including mobilizing an enlarged workforce, dedicating more manufacturing to arms and other military supplies, and taking strategic decisions they hoped would give them an advantage. The war went on through the years, and Germany found itself increasingly stretched, so much so it began to fracture. Militarily, the army stayed an effective fighting force until 1918, and widespread disillusion and failures stemming from morale only crept in towards the end, although there were some earlier revolts. But before this, the steps taken in Germany to do everything for the military saw the ‘home front’ experience problems, and there was a marked change in morale from early 1917 onward, with strikes at one point numbering a million workers. Civilians were experiencing food shortages, exacerbated by the failure of the potato crop over the 1916-17 winter. There were also fuel shortages, and deaths from hunger and cold more than doubled over the same winter; flu was widespread and lethal. Infant mortality was also growing considerably, and when this was coupled with the families of the two million dead soldiers and the many millions wounded, you had a populace th at was suffering. In addition, while working days grew longer, inflation was making goods ever more expensive, and ever more unaffordable. The economy was on the verge of collapsing. The discontent among German civilians was not limited to either the working or middle classes, as both felt an increasing hostility to the government. Industrialists were also a popular target, with people convinced they were making millions from the war effort while everyone else suffered. As the war went deep into 1918, and the German offensives failed, the German nation seemed to be on the verge of splitting, even with the enemy still not on German soil. There was pressure from the government, from campaign groups and others to reform a government system that seemed to be failing. Ludendorff sets the Time Bomb Imperial Germany was supposed to be run by the Kaiser, Wilhelm II, aided by a Chancellor. However, over the final years of the war, two military commanders had taken control of Germany: Hindenburg and Ludendorff. By mid-1918 Ludendorff, the man with the practical control suffered both a mental breakdown and a long-feared realization: Germany was going to lose the war. He also knew that if the allies invaded Germany it would have a peace forced on it, and so he took actions which he hoped would bring a gentler peace deal under Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points: he asked for the German Imperial autocracy to be transformed into a constitutional monarchy, keeping the Kaiser but bringing in a new level of effective government. Ludendorff had three reasons for doing this. He believed the democratic governments of Britain, France, and the United States would be more willing to work with a constitutional monarchy than the Kaiserriech, and he believed that the change would head off the social revolt he feared the war’s failure would trigger as blame and anger were redirected. He saw the neutered parliament’s calls for change and feared what they would bring if left unmanaged. But Ludendorff had a third goal, a far more pernicious and costly one. Ludendorff didn’t want the army to take the blame for the war’s failure, nor did he want his high-powered allies to do so either. No, what Ludendorff wanted was to create this new civilian government and make them surrender, to negotiate the peace, so they would be blamed by the German people and the army would still be respected. Unfortunately for Europe in the mid-twentieth century, Ludendorff was entirely successful, starting the myth tha t Germany had been ‘stabbed in the back’, and helping the fall of Weimer and the rise of Hitler. Revolution from Above A strong Red Cross supporter, Prince Max of Baden became chancellor of Germany in October 1918, and Germany restructured its government: for the first time the Kaiser and the Chancellor were made answerable to the parliament, the Reichstag: the Kaiser lost command of the military, and the Chancellor had to explain himself, not to the Kaiser, but parliament. As Ludendorff hoped, this civilian government was negotiating an end to the war. Germany Revolts However, as the news spread across Germany that the war was lost, shock set in, then the anger Ludendorff and others had feared. So many had suffered so much and been told they were so close to victory that many weren’t satisfied with the new system of government. Germany would move swiftly into revolution. Sailors at a naval base near Kiel rebelled on October 29, 1918, and as the government lost control of the situation other major naval bases and ports also fell to revolutionaries. The sailors were angry at what was happening and were trying to prevent the suicide attack some naval commanders had ordered to try and recover some honor. News of these revolts spread, and everywhere it went soldiers, sailors and workers joined them in rebelling. Many set up special, soviet style councils to organize themselves, and Bavaria actually expelled their fossil King Ludwig III and Kurt Eisner declared it a socialist republic. The October reforms were soon being rejected as not enough, both by the revolutionaries and the old order who needed a way to manage events. Max Baden hadn’t wanted to expel the Kaiser and family from the throne, but given that the latter was reluctant to make any other reforms, Baden had no choice, and so it was decided that the Kaiser would be replaced by a left-wing government led by Friedrich Ebert. But the situation at the heart of government was chaos, and first a member of this government - Philipp  Scheidemann – declared that Germany was a republic, and then another called it a Soviet Republic. The Kaiser, already in Belgium, decided to accept military advice that his throne was gone, and he exiled himself to Holland. The Empire was over. Left Wing Germany in Fragments Ebert and Government At the end of 1918, the government looked like it was falling apart, as the SPD was moving from the left to the right in an ever more desperate attempt to gather support, while the USPD pulled out to focus on more extreme reform. The Spartacists Revolt Bolsheviks The Results: The National Constituent Assembly Thanks to Ebert’s leadership and the quelling of extreme socialism, Germany in 1919 was led by a government which had changed at the very top – from an autocracy to a republic – but in which key structures like land ownership, industry and other businesses, the church, the military and the civil service, remained pretty much the same. There was great continuity and not the socialist reforms that the country seemed in a position to carry through, but neither had there been large-scale bloodshed. Ultimately, it can be argued that the revolution in Germany was a lost opportunity for the left, a revolution that lost its way, and that socialism lost a chance to restructure before Germany and the conservative right grew ever more able to dominate. Revolution? Although it is common to refer to these events as a revolution, some historians dislike the term, viewing the 1918-19 as either a partial / failed revolution, or an evolution from the Kaiserreich, which might have taken place gradually if World War One had never occurred. Many Germans who lived through it also thought it was only half a revolution, because while the Kaiser had gone, the socialist state they had wanted was also absent, with the leading socialist party heading up a middle ground. For the next few years, left-wing groups would attempt to push the ‘revolution’ further, but all failed. In doing so, the center allowed the right to remain to crush the left.

Women Entrepreneurs a Critical Review of the Literature

Abstract Increasing numbers of women are becoming leaders of their own businesses, and many are struggling to achieve success. A growing body of theory and research is exploring how different women come to business ownership, their unique leadership challenges and strategies for success, their personal change and the processes of leadership development they experience. This paper reviews literature addressing women business owners from the general perspective of understanding their leadership. Within this frame, existing studies of women business owners are classified and examined according to four themes that appear to be most prominent. These four themes are (1) Women business owners’ characteristics and development; (2) Women’s†¦show more content†¦Qualitative studies in the past five years have indicated contested issues related to values, identity and the meaning of leadership emerging in this trend of women business ownership (Gay, 1997; Robertson, 1997; Thrasher and Smid, 1998). For example, women don’t always accept the dominant formula that success equals money and power. Women who start their own business sometimes do so to craft a new way of working, and many continue to fight barriers related to traditional constructs of economic power and expectations. Many women business owners claim that the whole experience changes them profoundly. The purpose of this paper is first to provide a critical overview of selected literature exploring women’s small business ownership, and second to pose questions arising from the existing literature to guide further research and theorizing about women’s leadership in small business contexts. In her 1992 review of existing literature, Brush concluded that women’s business leadership cannot be understood using traditional (male-oriented) frameworks of business analysis. She writes, â€Å"Significant differences have been found in reasons for business start-up, educational background, work experience and business skills . . . businessShow MoreRelatedNeed Of The Study Of Women1492 Words   |  6 PagesNEED OF THE STUDY Women-owned enterprises contribute 3.09 percent of industrial output and employ over 8 million people. Approximately, 78 percent of women enterprises belong to the services sector. Women entrepreneurship is largely skewed towards smaller sized firms, as almost 98 percent of women-owned businesses are micro-enterprises. As with the broader MSME sector, access to formal finance is a key barrier to the growth of women-owned businesses, leading to over 90 percent of finance requirementsRead MoreFinancial Issues Affecting Kenyatta Market Women Entrepreneurs Of Nairobi962 Words   |  4 PagesFINANCIAL ISSUES AFFECTING KENYATTA MARKET WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS OF NAIROBI, KENYA 1. Introduction i. Background Information According to Creighton Yieke (2006), women in Kenya constitute a subordinate, disadvantaged and muted group who are routinely treated as inferior and who face coerced sex, harmful cultural practices, stigma and discrimination. Their inferior legal status in relation to marriage inheritance, guardianship, property ownership, places them in disadvantaged position economicallyRead MoreBusiness Skills As Entrepreneurship Education1203 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review Various authors have explained business skills as entrepreneurship education to empower knowledge of the entrepreneurs. This entails business management skills, business planning, financial management, awareness of legal aspects and market searching. That being the case, the skills are useful and important in developing creative thinking, negotiations, leadership (business management), exposure to technical innovation and new product development. However, the skills help to identifyRead MoreUttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu: A Comparative Study in Micro-Finance1699 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowing sections we would review the existing literature in this field. Then we would proceed to explain our research methodology that we adopt in order to explain the growth of microfinance in the country and bring out the a comparative study of the growth of microfinance in the two states of Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.) Literature Review- Studies analyzing the Micro Financing in India- Micro finance has been a field which has attracted a lot of research work. A review of the major research worksRead MoreEntrepreneurship Is A Vital Element For Invigorating Monetary Development And Employment Opportunities1361 Words   |  6 Pagesentrepreneurship. When we look at some definitions and development of it, we can say that it is a process which contains innovation, taking risks, seeing opportunities, forecast and pre-act. Entrepreneurship is an action, and entrepreneur is the person who acts. An entrepreneur should have some characteristics like intelligence, energy, entrepreneurship soul, experience, motivation and abilitiy of rational behavior. First step in entrepreneurship is to decide how the company/business will be ownedRead MoreThe Millennium Development Goals Mdgs1562 Words   |  7 Pagesfacts, MDG Goal 1 has three specific targets. Target 1.A is to halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1.25 a day; Target 1.B is to achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people (UN website, 2015). It is known that 300 million workers lived below $1.25 in 2015 (UN website, 2015). Target 1.C is to halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger; it is estimated that 795 millionRead MoreEvaluation Of A Report On The Value Of Entrepreneurs2066 Words   |  9 PagesTable of Contents Task 1: 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Literature Review 2-5 2.1 Entrepreneurial Sel-Efficacy 2-4 2.2 Disadvantages of Having Highly Self- Efficacy 4-5 3.0 Characteristics of Entrepreneurship 5-7 4.0 Exemplary of Entrepreneurs 7-8 5.0 Conclusion 8 Task 2: 6.0 Business Description 9-11 6.1 Background of the Zero Drug`s Founders (Company) 9-10 6.2 Mission (Motto) Statement 10 6.3 Company`s Goal, Products and Services 10 6.4 Licensing, Local Permits, OwnershipRead MoreA Research Project On The Startup Industry2043 Words   |  9 PagesCRITICAL CONTEXTUAL STUDIES 15-16 SUBMISSION FRONT COVER MODULE TITLE: Independent Research Project (15-16) STUDENT NAME: Nicolai Hald STUDENT ROLL NUMBER: 00403869 COURSE: Graphic Design TITLE OF WORK: How to launch a company Tutor: ALEX MCDONAGH MODULE COORDINATOR: Rosie Miller Designing a startup business A research paper into the English startup industry Introduction 400 words â€Å"What started out as conversation between friends on a night out in 2012 turned out to stimulate aRead MoreWomen Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh: a Case Study on Boutique Business10735 Words   |  43 PagesIntroduction 1.1 Introduction: Entrepreneurs are arguably the most important actors in our economy: the creators of new wealth and new jobs, the inventors of new products and services, and the revolutionizes of society and the economy. Yet despite their centrality, little is known about entrepreneurs: what motivates them, how they emerge, why they succeed. We know even less about who becomes an entrepreneur, and why. Women are one particularly understudied group of entrepreneurs. We know very little aboutRead MoreReview Of Literature Review On Literature Essay2370 Words   |  10 PagesChapter - 4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Literature survey is undertaken to study and analyze the finding of other researcher in their studies that are related to the subject under consideration. A research literature review, as a process, is a systematic, explicit, and reproducible method for identifying, evaluating and synthesizing the existing body of completed and recorded work produced by researchers, scholars and practitioners (Fink, 2010). As a noun, literature review is an organized

Culture of the Nursing Workplace Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write an Academic Paper on Workplace Culture. Answer: Introduction In every setting, every healthcare organization is often formed to with the aim of achieving certain healthcare objectives and goals. The formation of the organization often brings together different individuals and creates a common platform that motivates them to deliver their best depending on the assigned roles within the organization. According to Henriksson and Kiessling (2016), a healthy workplace culture is a kind that enables other clinical stakeholders to experience valuable learning and suits the atmosphere needed for the nurses to perform their duties. Safe patient care often requires an evidenced based centered framework as it is essential in achieving positive patient outcomes. The necessary support required for the implementation of effective health care and positive health outcomes hence depend majorly on the nature of the workplace culture of the clinical setting. This essay focuses on workplace culture as the major concept of discussion by presenting the general conc ept, theoretical and practical underpins as well as its relevance to the clinical setting. Background information on the workplace culture In their study, Jamieson and Tuckey (2017) point out that workplace culture is a concept that mainly deals with studying the beliefs, attitudes, and thought the process of employees in an organization. The concept hence evaluates the principles and ideologies of an organization as it is the major determinant of the nature of the interaction of the employees with one another as well as the functionality of the organization. Roberts, Demarco, and Griffin (2012) denote that in the language of a layman, workplace culture is the mentality of the workforce that further determines the performance, operations, and success of an organization. Therefore, in the clinical setting, workplace culture plays a vital role in extracting the best out of the nurses within a clinical environment hence giving them to reason to stick to working in the organization for a longer time. Achieving an effective workforce within a healthcare organization hence needs to provide a positive ambiance to all the emplo yees including the professional and the non-professionals (Finn and O'Fallon 2017, p. 495). In a systematic review, Kim and Oh (2016) denote that there are different views presented by scholars when it comes to the concept of a good, effective, or strong workplace culture. However, from different reviews of other researchers concepts, the study denotes that a strong workplace culture within an organization occurs when the employees happily follow the rules and regulations of the organization. Such an environment also motivates employees to adhere to the regulations and existing guidelines so as to achieve the set goals in the process of executing their duties. Without the motivation, the employees get to be reluctant in following the instructions set by the organization and only strict procedures and follow-ups can push them to work, an aspect that describes a poor work setting and a weak culture. The nature of a good workplace culture In their study, Boyer and Guay (2015) point out that the challenges often faced by the healthcare industry currently require the clinical settings and healthcare systems to adopt the application of all the possible and available resources with the aim of reducing the cost of care while improving the quality of healthcare. However, many organizations often fail in realizing one of its greatest resources and the key success of every initiative of the organization, the welfare of the employees. However, to attract and retain skilled and productive employees requires the clinical setting to necessitate a nurturing environment that rewards, encourages, and innovates through material and non-material benefits. Suominen (2015) asserts that intangible benefits such as recognition and respects are more than just the tangible benefits such as good compensation and health insurance are necessary. In other words, the success of an organization depends on the workplace culture adopted by the orga nization as it will determine the nature of the employees behavior and work towards their roles in achieving the set goals. According to Hahtela (2015), a healthy workplace culture is characterized by many factors. Equality in the treatment of the employees is essential as the opposite will only lead to their demotivation and ineffective workplace culture. The management should thus not give special favors to other employees while valuing the relationship between them to be essential than that of the other employees in the workplace, an aspect that requires that all personal relationships take a backseat within the working environment. On the contrary, Kim and Oh (2016) denote that such issues can only be experienced when there are no policies to govern them. In other words, a healthy workplace culture should adopt employee friendly practical guidelines and policies that will govern not only their relationships but their general performance. For instance, pushing the clinical nurses to be on duty even late at night on their birthdays is very impractical as regulations and rules should be made in benefit o f the employees to ensure that they maintain the decorum of the healthcare setting. A healthy workplace culture should as well encourage openness and suitable environment for discussion on matters affecting both the employees and the organization. Menguc, Auh, Katsikeas, Yeon (2016) point out that the culture should motivate employees to share issues amongst themselves with the aim of reaching effective conclusions while everyone is at liberty of sharing their views. Such a workplace culture will also encourage the managers and team leaders to frequently interact with the subordinates to encourage transparency that is essential at all levels and will create better relationships. With openness and discussion in sharing views, issues such as manipulation of information or clinical data to suit personal objectives while causing harm to other employees will be eliminated. Free discussions can as well be achieved by promoting team building activities that will bind them together. According to Pasqual (2013), performance appraisal is an essential part of a healthy workplace culture but is mostly adopted by business organizations with the aim of promoting more sales by rewarding employees for good performance. However, appreciation of top performers is essential even in the healthcare setting. Praising employees for their good work will not only make them feel like part of the organization but will also motivate them to offer their best and make them feel indispensable for the workplace. Rather than just firing, clinical managers should often play a servant leadership role for those who display poor performance as a way of showing them an example and also helping them to pull up in their areas of weaknesses. Sheep (2016) denotes that a healthy workplace culture can only be promoted effectively by bosses who act more like mentors to the employees. In that manner, they will be viewed as a source of inspiration as they provide a sense of direction to the employees while guiding them whenever there is a need. Theoretical and Practical Underpinnings of the Workplace Culture In a clinical setting, Pennefather (2016) denotes that there are different competing variables that have a direct influence on the operation and success of the organization as well as the nature of response displayed by employees towards their duties in the workplace. A healthcare setting is characterized by different facets of conflicting needs for families, institutions, patients, providers, government and healthcare policies, standards, and regulations that tend to create various mixed messages and inconsistencies. Together with the issues of hierarchy, a clinical setting also has silos where every unit or role independently operates without evaluating and understanding the underlying consequences and full implications of their actions to others. In a systematic review, Choi, Oh, and Colbert (2015) denote that such complexities and issues of conflicting interests often create a blame culture within the workplace, an aspect that is considered very pervasive in the clinical setting. According to Elder and McNamara (2013), healthcare as a professional has often been perceived as a role of sole medical professionals working with individual patients. As a result, there is often a blame game of reactions of trying to determine who was at fault so as to find a way of disciplining them to prevent future dangers that can be imposed by patients in case something did not go well with the healthcare procedures or outcomes. Azmat and Rentschler (2017) denote that this can be described as a blame and shame approach, a framework that often leads to the hiding of the professionals rather than the freedom of reporting errors whenever they occur. It is an approach that is practiced by many providers but is considered an antithesis of a workplace culture of safety and effective healthcare provision to patients. However, there are many interventions that are being adopted to change this underpinning factor while encouraging openness among employees so that they can share their ch allenges and views rather than hiding. Bedford (2011) denotes that being open will enable the management of the clinical setting to address the issues and create a free, safe, and motivate working environment that will promote a forward-thinking workplace culture that can enable the organization to meet its set healthcare goals and objectives. In a systematic review on the nature of the global healthcare industry, Milliman, Gatling, and Bradley-Geist (2017) point out that advancement in technology has lead to the progress of clinical knowledge. Many technological innovations are thus adopted in all facets of the clinical setting to ensure effectiveness in the clinical operations and better patient care. The healthcare environment is also encompassed with advancement in the behavior of disease-causing organisms such as bacterial resistance to medication among other challenges. With all these complexities, Lyubovnikova, Legood, Turner, and Mamakouka (2017) denote there is also a constant update of the healthcare policies and standards that often governs the operations of all healthcare settings depending on the location. As a result, a healthy workplace culture faces challenges especially those with old employees that are considered experienced but have little knowledge on the current nature of technological adoptions within the clinical setting. In such a case, the organization will adopt strategies of conducting workshops, training programs, presentations, and seminars will as well be essential in helping the employees to upgrade their skills on the new developments and knowledge towards different issues of their professions. However, this is a strategy that can only be effective for the healthcare professionals of a certain age group that can easily adapt to the changing nature of knowledge and the working environment. In his study, Punke (2013) also points out that most of the global industries do not only have an overall culture but other three subcultures known to be the executive, technical, and operational subcultures. In most cases, each of the identified subcultures tends to have their strategies and ways of executing their roles. As a result, it is very difficult for the professionals to move from one area to another within the subcultures besides their ability to directly or indirectly influence the success of the operation of the organization. It is thus necessary for the management of the healthcare organizations and healthcare executives to first tackle issues that can arise within these subcultures before they focus on improving the overall environment of the organization. Lyubovnikova et al. (2017) also assert that the relevant stakeholders of the management, as well as the caregivers and nurses, need to focus on fostering teamwork while the executive subcultures evaluate and adopt st rategies that will provide value to the services offered within the clinical settings. Relevance of the workplace culture to the clinical context Every clinical setting desires to provide a better or improved patient experience in every area within the healthcare setting. However, Punke (2013) denotes that this can only be achieved by first enhancing the hospital itself as well as the workforce. Unhealthy workforce culture will tend to cause arguments, mistakes, and high turnover while a positive environment can foster engagement and teamwork to motivate stronger productivity. No matter the industry, the workplace culture of every organization is often very essential. In many cases, healthcare professionals tend to have trouble when it comes to collaborating with each other since their focus is always invested in their patients rather than their colleagues. However, coordination and teamwork care are identified as strong pillars of an effective healthcare system with the aim of achieving improved patient safety and better healthcare. A clinical setting hence requires a healthy workplace that is characterized by advanced workfl ows and better communication with a focus on affecting outcomes for the patients who often see most of the benefits. The concept of workplace culture is hence very essential for effective management of a clinical setting and with the aim of developing positivity in the working environment. Workplace culture is essential in developing profiles of successful employees within the organization according to Welbourne, Gangadharan, and Carol, (2015, p. 206). Just beyond referring candidates, the top staff members can also be essential in finding great coworkers through serving as an example to both the current and the future employees of the organization. In other words, the healthcare leaders within the clinical setting can work with the successful employees from different departments to determine and understand the abilities and knowledge they can demonstrate so as to develop a profile by their traits. Punke (2013) denotes that the staff is the best tool that can be adopted in determining and identifying what can make a clinical employee good as opposed to their greatness, an aspect that is essential for the development of the employees portfolio. From the evaluation, the clinical managers will be able to identify what successful professionals do differently and use the sa me information to identify the potential of new employees as well as employing them in developing strategies to improve the workplace culture. Also, the profile can as well serve as objectives and goals to strive towards for other professionals thus helping the employees within the clinical setting to continually improve and develop. There is also relevance in a clinical setting keeping the workplace culture a priority even after the hiring process. According to Woodward-Kron and Elder (2016), the culture of the employees and their engagement plays a major role not only in the hiring process but during the orientation and the daily life of the clinic and the general healthcare system. The organization can effectively take certain steps in making sure that all the employees feel welcomed within the clinical fold during the orientation process as well as monitoring the daily employees engagement. In their study, Bradley and Campbell (2016) also denote that maintaining a positive culture requires the current employees to embrace new hires to help them easily become part of the program. The same study recommends that the management of the healthcare setting needs to conduct face-to-face meetings with the workforce in different departments. Such forums will enable new employees to ask direct questions and share their concerns towards their expectations in relations to the assigned roles. Facilities to take questions can hence be adopted as a strategy of responding to their concerns and update them on the systems of the current events, an aspect that will always keep the employees engaged with the organization for better healthcare. A workplace culture is also relevant when it comes to engaging the employees during the interview processes and evaluation of the organizational performance as pointed out by Elder and McNamara(2016, p. 154). When the employees work as a team and positively get along with each other, a clinic or healthcare facilities often become a better place for work. With the aim of ensuring that an employee fits in a department or a team, the current staff can be involved when hiring new staff. One way of effectively achieving this strategy is adopting a panel interview where the departmental members interview a candidate that will join their department. It is a strategy that will ensure that the selected employee can effectively fit the objectives, goals, and operational process of the department. Conclusion Workplace culture is hence an essential aspect when it comes to ensuring proper management of employees who will, in turn, take good care of the patients and result in a positive performance and success of the organization. In many cases, patients often assess the culture of the clinical setting every time they visit the place and interact with the clinical staffs. It is hence necessary for the management of every healthcare organization to conduct a frequent evaluation of the organizational internal and external culture with the aim of anticipating issues while improving how the visiting patients view the organization. The interaction amongst the staffs as well as with the patients can greatly determine the efficiency and the workplace culture under which they operate. Workplace culture hence tends to be associated with patient satisfaction, teamwork and can be an effective linkage between the clinical and financial sides of the healthcare organization. It is hence necessary for cli nical leader and healthcare executives to employ effective healthcare scheduling strategies to evaluate the labor challenges accoutered by the healthcare system and how they can be fixed to ensure a positive workplace culture. List of References Bedford, Oo 2011, 'Guanxi-Building in the Workplace: A Dynamic Process Model of Working and Backdoor Guanxi',Journal Of Business Ethics, 104, 1, pp. 149-158, Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson), EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Azmat, F, Rentschler, R 2017, 'Gender and Ethnic Diversity on Boards and Corporate Responsibility: The Case of the Arts Sector',Journal Of Business Ethics, 141, 2, pp. 317-336, Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson), EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Boyer, R, Guay, S 2015, 'Predictors of trivialization of workplace violence among healthcare workers and law enforcers',Journal Of Threat Assessment And Management, 2, 3-4, pp. 195-213, PsycARTICLES, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Bradley, G, Campbell, A 2016, 'Managing Difficult Workplace Conversations: Goals, Strategies, and Outcomes',International Journal Of Business Communication, 53, 4, pp. 443-464, Communication Mass Media Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Choi, D, Oh, I, Colbert, A 2015, 'Understanding organizational commitment: A meta-analytic examination of the roles of the five-factor model of personality and culture',Journal Of Applied Psychology, 100, 5, pp. 1542-1567, PsycARTICLES, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Elder, C, McNamara, T 2016, 'The hunt for indigenous criteria in assessing communication in the physiotherapy workplace',Language Testing, 33, 2, pp. 153-174, Communication Mass Media Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Elder, C, McNamara, T 2016, 'The hunt for indigenous criteria in assessing communication in the physiotherapy workplace',Language Testing, 33, 2, pp. 153-174, Communication Mass Media Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Finn, S, O'Fallon, L 2017, 'The Emergence of Environmental Health Literacy--From Its Roots to Its Future Potential',Environmental Health Perspectives, 125, 4, pp. 495-501, GreenFILE, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Hahtela, N, Paavilainen, E, McCormack, B, Slater, P, Helminen, M, Suominen, T 2015, 'Influence of workplace culture on nursing-sensitive nurse outcomes in municipal primary health care',Journal Of Nursing Management, 23, 7, pp. 931-939, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Henriksson, P, Kiessling, A 2016, 'Community of practice and student interaction at an acute medical ward: An ethnographic study',Medical Teacher, 38, 8, pp. 793-800, Teacher Reference Center, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Jamieson, S, Tuckey, M 2017, 'Mindfulness interventions in the workplace: A critique of the current state of the literature',Journal Of Occupational Health Psychology, 22, 2, pp. 180-193, PsycARTICLES, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Kim, M, Oh, S 2016, 'Assimilating to Hierarchical Culture: A Grounded Theory Study on Communication among Clinical Nurses',Plos ONE, 11, 6, pp. 1-18, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Lyubovnikova, J, Legood, A, Turner, N, Mamakouka, A 2017, 'How Authentic Leadership Influences Team Performance: The Mediating Role of Team Reflexivity',Journal Of Business Ethics, 141, 1, pp. 59-70, Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson), EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Menguc, B, Auh, S, Katsikeas, C, Yeon Sung, J 2016, 'When Does (Mis)Fit in Customer Orientation Matter for Frontline Employees' Job Satisfaction and Performance?',Journal Of Marketing, 80, 1, pp. 65-83, Communication Mass Media Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Milliman, J, Gatling, A, Bradley-Geist, J 2017, 'The implications of workplace spirituality for personenvironment fit theory',Psychology Of Religion And Spirituality, 9, 1, pp. 1-12, PsycARTICLES, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Pasqual, L 2013 Enhance workplace culture for better collaboration: Engaging your staff, Healthcare Workforce trend, 78, 3, pp. 69-80, Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson), EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Pennefather, J 2016, 'Towards a theoretical framework for understanding PGCE student teacher learning in the Wild Coast Rural Schools' Partnership project',Perspectives In Education, 34, 1, pp. 216-229, Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson), EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Punke, W 2013 Developing a Culture-Based Workforce: Top Healthcare Workplaces Share Best Practices, Journal of Leadership and Management, 161, 1, pp. 23-30, Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson), EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Roberts, S, Demarco, R, Griffin, M 2012, 'The effect of oppressed group behaviours on the culture of the nursing workplace: a review of the evidence and interventions for change',Journal Of Nursing Management, 17, 3, pp. 288-293, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Sheep, ML 2016, 'Nurturing the Whole Person: The Ethics of Workplace Spirituality in a Society of Organizations',Journal Of Business Ethics, 66, 4, pp. 357-375, Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson), EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Suominen, T 2015, 'The Relationship of Workplace Culture With Nursing-Sensitive Organizational Factors',Journal Of Nursing Administration, 45, 7/8, pp. 370-376, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Welbourne, J, Gangadharan, A, Sariol, A 2015, 'Ethnicity and cultural values as predictors of the occurrence and impact of experienced workplace incivility',Journal Of Occupational Health Psychology, 20, 2, pp. 205-217, PsycARTICLES, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017. Woodward-Kron, R, Elder, C 2016, 'A comparative discourse study of simulated clinical roleplays in two assessment contexts: Validating a specific-purpose language test',Language Testing, 33, 2, pp. 251-270, Communication Mass Media Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2017

Groundwater Pollution in Bangladesh Essay Example

Groundwater Pollution in Bangladesh Paper Groundwater is an important source of drinking water for more than half of the nations population and nearly all its rural population. In recent years, widespread reports of bacteria, nitrate, synthetic organic chemicals and other pollutants in groundwater have increased public concern about the quality of groundwater. What do we know and what dont we know about groundwater quality? What causes groundwater contamination, and to what extent are the nations groundwater supplies at risk? How Much Do We Depend on Groundwater? According to 1 985 U. S. Figures, group underwater provides an estimated: * 22 percent of all freshwater withdrawals 53 percent of drinking water for the total population and 97 percent of drinking water for the rural population * 40 percent Of public water supply withdrawals * 46 percent of domestic and commercial use * 24 percent of industrial and mining use * 34 percent of agricultural use (mostly for irrigation) How Susceptible Groundwater to Contamination About one-fourth of the average 4. Trillion gallons of precipitation that falls each day on the conterminous United States infiltrates the soil and recharges local aquifers, the sediments and reeks that store and transport groundwater. In general, shallow, permeable water table aquifers are the sot susceptible to contamination, but susceptibility of all aquifers to contamination is determined largely by such site-specific characteristics as: ;k distance from the contamination source to the aquifer and residence time of the water in the unsaturated zone; * presence of clay and organic matter in the unsaturated zone materials; * potential of a particular contaminant to biodegrade and decompose; * amount of precipitation, which affects recharge and the rate at whew contact mutants move downward; * photoengravings, which in recharge areas may decrease the amount of water that moves downward to the aquifer. What Causes Groundwater Contamination Natural So roes Groundwater contamination can occur in many ways and from many sources, both natural- and human-induced. Groundwater commonly contains one or more naturally occurring chemicals, leached from soil or rocks by percolating water, in concentrations that exceed federal or state drinking water standards or otherwise impair its use. We will write a custom essay sample on Groundwater Pollution in Bangladesh specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Groundwater Pollution in Bangladesh specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Groundwater Pollution in Bangladesh specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Dissolved Solids and Chloride One of the most common water quality concerns is the presence of dissolved solids and chloride in concentrations that exceed the recommended maximum limits in federal secondary drinking water standards: 500 MGM/L milliards per liter or approximately equivalent to parts per million) for dissolved solids and 250 MGM/L for chloride. Such concentrations are found at the seaward ends of all coastal aquifers and are quite common in aquifers at depths greater than a few hundred feet below the land surface in many parts of the United States. Iron and Manganese Although not particularly toxic, iron and manganese in concentrations greater than the limits for federal secondary drinking water standards (0. 3 MGM/L for iron and 0. 05 MGM/L for manganese) can impair the taste of water; stain plumbing fixtures, glassware and laundry; and form encrustations on well screens, thereby reducing well-pumping efficiency. Nitrate-Nitrogen Most groundwater not affected by human activity contains less than 1 0 MGM/L nitrate-nitrogen, the maximum concentration allowed by federal primary drinking water standards. Nationwide, nitrate-nitrogen concentrations of less than 0. 2 MGM/L generally represent natural conditions, whereas values greater than 3 MGM/L may indicate the effects of human activities. Although relatively nontoxic, nitrate may be reduced by bacteria to nitrite in the intestines of newborn infants and cause the disease methodological. Nitrate also can exact with amines in the human body to form N-intermarries, carcinogenic chemicals known to induce tumors in laboratory animals and thought to be linked to human cancers. Human Activities Contaminants can enter groundwater from more than 30 different generic sources related to human activities. These sources commonly are referred to as either point or Nippon sources. Point sources are localized in areas of an acre or less, whereas Nippon sources are dispersed over broad areas. The most common sources of human-induced groundwater contamination can be grouped into four categories: waste disposal practices; storage and handling f materials and wastes; agricultural activities; and saline water intrusion. Waste Disposal Practices Perhaps the best-known sources of groundwater contamination are associated with the storage or disposal of liquid and solid wastes. The organic substances most frequently reported in groundwater as resulting from waste disposal in decreasing order of occurrence, are: * trinitrotoluene (ETC) * chloroform * benzene * phenolphthalein * tetrarch lorgnette (PACE) * creosote * phenols compounds * I,l,l-theoretician * toluene * Selene Waste disposal can take a number of forms: * septic systems municipal and industrial landfills * surface impoundments * waste-injection wells * direct application of stabilized wastes to the land In addition to these regulated forms of disposal, a considerable amount of unregulated disposal, such as illegal dumping and accidental spills, contributes to groundwater contamination. Septic Systems Septic systems are the largest source by volume of waste discharged to the land. These systems are sources of bacteria, viruses, nitrate, phosphorus, chloride and organic substances, including organic solvents such as trinitrotoluene that are sold commercially to clean the systems. In 1 980, about 22 million domestic disposal systems were in operation, and about one-half million new systems are installed each year. It is estimated that from one-third to one-half of existing systems loud be operating improperly because of poor location, design, construction or maintenance practices. Even when Operating properly, systems mean be spaced so densely that their discharge exceeds the capacity of the local soil to assimilate the pollutant loads. Because the 10- to 15-year design life of many septic systems built during the asses and asses is now exceeded, groundwater contamination caused by septic system failure probably will increase in the future. Landfills About 150 million tons of municipal solid waste and 240 million tons of industrial solid waste are deposited in 1 6,400 landfills each year. Some hazardous waste material may be deposited in municipal landfills and underlying groundwater may become contaminated. Wastes deposited at industrial landfills aniline a large assortment of trace metals, acids, volatile organic impounds and patricides, which may cause significant local contamination. Surface impoundments Surface impoundments are used to store, treat or dispose of oil and gas rinses, acidic mine wastes, industrial wastes (mainly liquids), animal wastes, municipal treatment plant sludge and cooling water. For the most part, these impoundments intention Nostradamus wastes; however, hazardous wastes are known to be treated, stored and disposed of by 400 facilities involving about 3,200 impoundments. Some of these impoundments have significant potential for contaminating groundwater. Injection Wells In some parts of the country, injection wells dispose of liquid wastes underground. Of patrician concern is the widespread use of drainage wells to dispose of urban stemware runoff and irrigation drainage. Contaminants associated with drainage wells include suspended sediments; dissolved solids; baiter; sodium; chloride; nitrate; phosphate; lead, and organic compounds, including pesticides. Land Application of Wastes In many places, solid and liquid wastes are placed or sprayed on the land, commonly after treatment and stabilization. The U. S. Environmental protection Agency (ERA) has estimated that more than 7 million dry tons Of sludge from at least 2,463 publicly owned waste treatment plants are applied to about 1 1 ,900 parcels of land each year. Contamination can occur from improper land-disposal techniques. Storage and Handling of Materials and Wastes Groundwater contamination as the result of storage and handling of materials includes leaks from both above-ground and underground storage tanks, as well as unintentional spills or poor housekeeping practices in the handling and transferring of materials on industrial and commercial sites. Aging underground Storage Tanks Possibly as many as 7 million steel tanks are used to store petroleum products, acids, chemicals, industrial solvents and other types of waste underground. The potential of these tanks to leak increa ses with age. About 20 percent of existing steel tanks are more than 16 years old, and estimates f the total number that presently leak petroleum products range from 25 to 30 percent. Underground storage tanks appear to be a leading source of benzene, toluene and Selene contaminants, all of which are organic compounds in diesel and gasoline fuels. Transporting and Stockpiling Many materials and wastes are transported and then temporarily stored in stockpiles before being used or shipped elsewhere. Precipitation can lea potential contaminants from such stockpile; storage containers can eroded and leak; and accidental spills mean occur as many as 10,000 to 16,000 per year, according to EPA estimates. Mining Practices Mining of coal, uranium and other substances and the related mine spoil can lead to groundwater contamination in several ways: * Shafts and tunnels can intersect aquifers. * Exposing coal to oxygen can form sulfuric acid, which can degrade water * Contaminants from tailings can leach into groundwater. Oil-Well quality. Bribes Since the asses, hundreds of thousands of exploratory and production wells have been drilled for oil and gas in the United States. During production, Oil wells produce bribes that are separated from the oil and stored in surface impoundments. EPA estimates that 1 25, 100 brine-disposal impoundments exist that might affect local groundwater supplies. Agricultural Activities Agriculture is one of the most widespread human activities that affects the quality of groundwater. In 1987, about 330 million acres were used for growing crops in the united States, of which 45 million acres were irrigated. Fertilizers During the 1 9605 and asses, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer use steadily increased to a peak of 23 million tons in 1981. By 1987, however, fertilizer use had declined to 19. Million tons, reflecting the large number of acres withdrawn from production as part of the Conservation Reserve Program and other government programs. If nitrogen supply exceeds nitrogen uptake by crops, excess nitrogen mean be leached to groundwater. In such areas, local nitrate-nitrogen concentrations may exceed the federa l drinking water standard of 10 MGM/L Pesticides Pesticides have been used since the asses to combat a variety of agricultural pests. Between 1 964 and 1 982, the amount of active ingredients applied to croplands increased 1 70 percent. Herbicide usage peaked in 1982, and since then has declined from about 500 million pounds of active ingredients per year to about 430 million pounds in 1987. In addition to crop applications, infiltration of spilled pesticides can cause contamination in locations where pesticides are stored, and where sprayers and other equipment used to apply pesticides are loaded and washed. Pesticides most frequently detected in groundwater are the fumigants ethylene debrief (DB) and 1 disproportional; the insecticides Aldrich, carbons and chlordane; and the herbicides alcohol and trainee. Feedlots Feedlots confine livestock and poultry and create problems of animal-waste disposal. Feedlot wastes often are collected in impoundments from which they might infiltrate to groundwater and raise nitrate concentrations. Runoff room farmyards may also directly enter an aquifer along the outside of a poorly sealed well easing. Irrigation Percolation of irrigation water into soils dissolves soil salts and transports them downward. Photoengravings of applied water from the root zone concentrates salts in the soil and increases the salt load to the groundwater. Checkmating, the practice of mixing and distributing pesticides and fertilizers with irrigation water, may cause contamination if more chemicals are applied than crops can use. It may also cause local contamination if chemicals back- siphon from the holding tank directly into the aquifer through an irrigation ell. Saline Water Intrusion The encroachment of saline water into the freshwater part of an aquifer is an ever-present threat when water supplies are developed from the highly productive coastal plain aquifers of the United States, or from aquifers underlain by saline water in the interior of the country. Local incidents Of saline water intrusion have occurred on all coasts of the United States. How Extensive is Groundwater Contamination Assessment of the extent of groundwater contamination is difficult, due to such factors as limited and inconsistent access to the water (usually pendent on wells and springs); the potential for bias in existing data (if originally collected to explore a particular water quality problem); incomplete information about the well (did the well draw from more than one aquifer? ; and inconsistent methods of sampling and analysis. It is also important to keep in mind that the trend of increasing reports of detections of contaminants in groundwater is largely due to the intensive search for contaminants now under way by many state agencies, as well as continued improvements in the sensitivity of analytical methods used to measure the concentration Of contaminants. The volume Of groundwater within 2500 feet of the surface has been estimated at 100 quadrillion gallons, or about 16 times the volume of the Great Lakes. Of this amount, at least half is too saline from natural causes to use for drinking water, although some of it may be suitable for other uses. The total amount of the remaining groundwater that is contaminated is unknown, although EPA estimates the amount contaminated by point sources to be 2-3 percent. Recent U. S. Geological Sunny studies have made the following assessments: * The United States has large amounts of potable water available for use. Locally, however, high concentrations of a variety of toxic metals, organic chemicals and petroleum products form plumes around such point sources as leaking underground storage tanks, waste disposal sites and chemical or waste handling areas. These types of problems generally occur in urban or industrialized areas, although they are found occasionally in rural areas. Large regions have been identified in which contaminants, derived from Nippon sources and often at minimum detectable levels, are present in many shallow wells throughout a given area. In a small percentage of wells, such contaminants as titrate may exceed drinking water standards or health advisories. Generally, s uch Nippon source contamination is associated with densely populated urban areas, agricultural land uses and concentrations of septic systems. Furthermore, such contamination commonly affects only the shallowest aquifers. * 20 percent of 124,000 wells sampled over the past 25 years contained a maximum nitrate-nitrogen concentration greater than 3 MGM/L, suggesting the effects of human activities. 6 percent of the samples exceeded the federal drinking water standard for nitrate-nitrogen of 10 MGM/L. Although 44 state summaries in the U. S. Geological Surreys 1 986 National Water Summary on groundwater quality mention detection of pesticides in groundwater, data are insufficient to draw conclusions about the extent of contamination. The state summaries do, however, express widespread concern that the frequency of detections and the concentrations of pesticides will increase over time. The U. S. EPA has compiled reports on the occurrence of 46 pesticides in groundwater. In 26 states, o ne or more pesticides have been tweeted in groundwater that mean be attributed to normal agricultural use. The most commonly detected pesticides are trainee and Aldrich. EPA currently is conducting its National Pesticide Survey to provide a nationwide estimate of the occurrence of pesticides in drinking water wells. The survey includes the collection of water samples from a statistically representative sample of community water system wells (600) and private wells (750). Interim results show that 6 of 180 community well samples collected thus far and 9 of 115 private well samples had detectable pesticide residues. Of the 15 wells that had detectable levels of pesticides,3 had concentrations that exceeded lifetime health advisory levels established by EPA. Of 295 wells ample thus far, samples from 8 wells had nitrate-nitrogen concentrations that exceeded the 10 MGM/L drinking water standard. All 8 samples were from private wells. Statistically reliable estimates of the percentage of wells contaminated will be available when the survey results are released in late 1990. Summary: How Contaminated is Groundwater? Although little systematic information exists on the extent and severity of groundwater contamination, available evidence suggests that * The shallowest aquifers generally are at greatest risk of contamination, especially those where the overlying unsaturated zone is thin and permeable. Contamination of shallow aquifers by nitrates and synthetic organic chemicals is widespread in many areas; * Shallow groundwater contamination can be related to land use. * As yet, deeper as fifers, which commonly are used for public drinking water supplies, are relatively free from contamination. Additional reports of groundwater contamination may be expected in the coming years, as federal, state and local agencies expand their groundwater quality monitoring programs using sophisticated analytical methods that can measure very small concentrations of contaminants. Groundwater moves very slowly, and it may be years after remedial actions re taken before improvements in water quality are obsessed. For this reason, the enhancement of the quality of the nation s groundwater requires a long- term commitment. More definitive assessments of groundwater quality will have to await the expansion of data-collection programs, the use of standard sampling and analytical procedures, research on the health risks associated with long-term exposure to very small concentrations of contaminants, and improvements in the computer models used to predict contaminant behavior.

Police Targeting African Americans Professor Ramos Blog

Police Targeting African Americans In America today, we face many problems such as Police Brutality. Police brutality  is one of several forms of  police  misconduct which involves undue violence  by  police  members. Although illegal, it can be performed under the color of law. Police are to be trained to protect and serve for all the days of their life, instead they are using the term â€Å"they were afraid for their life† and had to take another life. In many of these cases officer are killing unarmed African Americans, but why, we may never know. Do we say that officers are doing their job, or is there a clear target for who the officers are going after? As an African American in today society instead of calling for police, WE are who are afraid of the police and for our life. I do not believe that officers are just doing their job, there has been too many cases so similar ending in an unarmed death of an African Americans. There must be better training, there must be background checks, they sho uld undergo more stressful scenarios to be able to handle high pressure situations. They should shoot blanks or aim for their legs not to take their life. African Americans are humans too like any other race just the color of the skin is different. That does not automatically make them dangerous or criminals. There are too many ways to prevent police brutality that it is frustrating that it is not being done. It all starts with the police. If officers are not being held accountable it will continue to happen. So, would you say that the Police Officers all around America are targeting African Americans more than any other race? I definitely am. I have witnessed firsthand officers doing that, and so has the rest of the world. It’s called DWB (driving while black) and it is a real thing. My brother was pulled over for that same reason, and the officer told him what are you doing in this area doesn’t look like you belong. Since when was that appropriate, and how is that considered protocol.   My brother was parked in front of our house and was targeted for not looking like he fit in the area. Things escalated quickly and luckily for my brother he was not shot, instead he was choked out and arrested for resisting arrest.   He had no warrant, no record and he was not doing any reckless driving. As he was detained in the police car, police cars continued to show up in total there was nine cars. For what? The officer claims it was for crowd control, but there was no crowd outsid e, just a black man in the back of a police car with no weapon and treated as an armed criminal. Of course, the officer was considered doing his job, and my brother was the one in the wrong and ended up being fined for taking it to court. He lost the case of course, and is now on three years’ probation. He did no wrong and was treated as a murderer. Here are some cases involving police brutality and innocent African Americans lives being taken. â€Å"St. Louis police officer Jason Stockley shot and killed  Smith in December 2011, after Stockley and his partner, Brian Bianchi, witnessed a suspected drug transaction and Smith allegedly fled the scene. After the police chase ended, Stockley exited the SUV with his department-issued handgun and a personal AK-47 pistol, a violation of department policy, according to a criminal complaint. Stockley fired five times into Smiths vehicle. Stockley was acquitted after St. Louis Circuit Judge Timothy Wilson said the state failed to prove that Stockley did not act in self-defense. (Park 1) Philando Castile 32-year-old Minnesota man was fatally shot during a traffic stop by police officer, Jeronimo Yanez, in July 2016. Jury found Yanez not guilty. (Park 1) Terence Crutcher a 40-year-old man was shot in September 2016 by Tulsa Police Officer Betty Shelby after Crutchers SUV was found stalle d in the middle of the street. Shelby testified that she opened fire because she feared for her life. Videos of the shooting showed Crutcher walking on the road with his arms in the air before being shot. (Park 1) The 43-year-old Samuel DuBose who was pulled over for a missing front license plate was shot in the head in a July 2015 incident captured on body-camera video. The officer, Ray Tensing, was charged with murder and voluntary manslaughter. Tensing testified that he was being dragged by the left arm when he reached up and shot DuBose, while prosecutors said he wasnt being pulled by the car and didnt need to fire at DuBose.  A mistrial was declared in 2016. A second mistrial was declared in 2017 after juries deadlocked over a verdict.† (Park 1). In all these cases none of the victims were holding a weapon, none appeared to be dangerous yet all of them lost their life based on the color of their skin. There are many people affected by police brutality towards African Americans, not only African Americans but nationwide. Black Lives Matter is an international activist movement originating in the African American community that campaigns against violence and systemic racism towards black people. It was founded on July 13th, 2013. Many peaceful marches have been held after the Black Lives Matter was founded, but some riots ended up taking place as well. Martin Luther King JR said, â€Å"Riots do not develop out of thin air.† â€Å"Riots occur because these police killings just keep happening, no matter how many peaceful marches happen. It is, in every sense, maddening.† (Joseph). Many famous people are using their platform to try and bring light to the situation. Beyoncà © Knowles singer, actor paid tribute to Black Lives Matter in her halftime Super Bowl performance in 2017 to show she will stand up against police brutality. Colin Kaepernick former quarterback of 49er s started kneeling during the national anthem. When asked why, he told the press: â€Å"I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color.† (Smith). Kaepernick will not stand for the national anthem until he sees justice for his people and police brutality to end. These celebrities and many more have made a stand to stand by the people to hope to help end police brutality. They are trying to let the world know police brutality is real and racism is still happening and there has to be a way to make ends meet and let justice be served worldwide. While the officers are here to protect and serve, they created a Blue Lives Matter. Blue Lives Matter is a counter movement in the United States advocating that those who are prosecuted and convicted of killing law enforcement officers should be sentenced under hate crime statutes. It was founded on December 20, 2014. â€Å"Blue Lives Matter, a pro-police movement  formed in 2014 as a reaction to Black Lives Matter following the Ferguson protests, aims to â€Å"contradict the anti-police philosophy and hatred that Black Lives Matter pushes out,† spokesperson and retired Las Vegas police lieutenant Randy Sutton told Rewire News (Corcione). Some would say that officers are just doing their job.   The  duties  of a  police officer, also known as a  law enforcement officer, focus on protecting people and property. They patrol the areas they are assigned, which sometimes include entire jurisdictions, respond to calls, enforce laws, make arrests, issue citations, and occasionally testify in court cases. Patrol officers are taught six ways to reduce and manage biases. As part of the curriculum, there is also a test that has officers ask themselves: â€Å"Would I be requesting consent to search, but for the fact that this person is black? That this is a teenager?† Dr. Fridell explained. â€Å"You picture the person with a different demographic, and would I still be asking this way?† (Baker). Another exercise encourages officers to recognize biased behavior in others and to be on guard for profiling by proxy. Greg Meyer, a retired Los Angeles Police Department captain, responds to a Los Angeles Times ed itorial by stating, â€Å"Since January 2015, there have been about 170 American peace officers killed in the line of duty by gunfire. This happens when the officers do not recognize and react to the deadly threat soon enough. We would all be better off if people did not run, resist or attack officers who are doing their jobs, or hold shiny objects in their hands that they suddenly pull out when resisting arrest.† (Thornton 1). It may seem that Meyer is okay with the police killing unarmed victims because they did not follow proper procedure while being pulled over or arrested. Mike Post former chief of police talks about officers in the heat of the moment. He states, â€Å"Hindsight is a great thing, but what gets left out of the discussion is how often a police department might be sued if it had done nothing to intervene and, say, some knife-wielder went on to stab someone. This is not a conservative-versus-liberal debate, just one of common sense about well-intentioned co ps who are presented with only bad options to pick in the heat of the moment. Whats alarming is the number of people who feel they have more insight than the men and women on the street who risk their lives daily† (Thornton 1). He suggests that at the heat of the moment they only have bad choices to make and if they don’t make those bad choices they could face being sued. One case where they have been sued is when an officer on duty at a high school refused to go into the school while he knew there was a shooter on campus. Meadow Pollack was a senior who attended the high school who died during the shooting, her father Andrew Pollack is not only suing for a wrongful death lawsuit against the shooter but the security officer as well. â€Å"I’m not interested in any money,† Pollack told the Sun Sentinel â€Å"I just want to expose what a coward [Peterson] was and that he could’ve saved everybody on the third floor. I don’t want him to go anywh ere in the country and not have people recognize what a coward he is.† (Flynn). I am African American, and I fear for my life as a Black person that even though I have no warrants, no tickets, nothing wrong with my background, but if I get pulled over, I may have a horrible officer who can just take my life and get away with it. Not all officers are like this, but we need to end this police brutality. We need equality throughout the world. We as a nation must find the best way to get our police properly trained so they can aide all ethnicity. We must have a system where black people or people of color are not targeted because of their skin. Imagine being a mother you don’t want to raise your child and tell them because of your skin you must watch your every move even with the people who are here to protect you. All lives matter, and we shouldn’t have to protest to get that point across. Baker, Al https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/15/nyregion/bias-training-police.html  Ã‚   July 15, 2018 Corcione, Danielle https://rewire.news/article/2018/08/30/blue-lives-matter-supporters-marched-in-philadelphia-while-police-brutalized-counter-protesters/   August 30, 2018 Flynn, Meagan https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/05/01/father-of-parkland-shooting-victim-sues-coward-school-resource-officer-among-others/?utm_term=.dd62d20331e1 May 1, 2018 Joseph, George https://www.citylab.com/equity/2016/09/from-ferguson-to-charlotte-why-police-protests-turn-into-riots/500981/  Ã‚   September 22, 2016 Park, Madison https://www.cnn.com/2017/05/18/us/police-involved-shooting-cases/index.html   October 3,2018 Smith, Mychal https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/sep/12/colin-kaepernicks-protest-unpatriotic-justice  Ã‚   September 12, 2018 Thornton, Paul latimes.com/opinion/readersreact/la-ol-le-stephon-clark-police-shootings-race-20180407-story.html   April 7, 2018

Financial Report Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Report Analysis - Assignment Example The Group’s performance in 2012 is testament to the strength of their strategies, the quality of their technologies and the ability and determination of their employees and members. They made a final payment to shareholders of 11.9 pence per share bringing the full year payment to 19.5 pence per share, an increase of 11 per cent from the year 2011. Ratio analysis is very important to all companies as it gives an insight on the hidden features of the company performance. Rolls-Royce Company seems to be performing very well for the past five years and more so for the reports provided at the end of February 2013 (GROPPELLI, ANGELICO, EHSAN NIKBAKHT ,2000 pg. 43). All of the ratios calculated including profitability, liquidity, gearing and returns ratios exhibits the company as being on the right track in terms of growth. The returns on investment and returns on capital employed have more than doubled in a period of one year. This is a clear indication that the shareholdersâ€℠¢ funds are being employed in the right manner. On the profitability ratios, all of them have experienced growth and improvement in the last one year while maintaining a relatively constant growth in expenses which gives a good report on the company. the company is also very liquid as exhibited by the positivity and the growth of the liquidity ratios. GROUP TWO YEAR REVIEW FOR THE YEARS ENDED 31ST DECEMBER INCOME STATEMENT 2012 2011 Revenue 12,161 11,124 Profit before net research and development and share of results of joint ventures and associates 2,488 1,536 Research and development (net) (589) (463) Share of results of joint ventures and associates 173 116 Profit before financing 2072 1189 Net financing 633 (84) Profit/(loss) before taxation 2705 1105 TAXATION (410) (257) Profit/(loss) for the year 2295 848 Attributable to: Equity shareholders of the parent 2281 850 Non-controlling interests 14 (2) Profit/(loss) for the year 2295 848 Research and development (gross) (919) (908) Underlying profit before taxation 1429 1157 EARNINGS PER ORDINARY SHARE: underlying 59.27p 48.54p basic 123.23p 45.95p Payments to shareholders per ordinary share 19.50p 17.50p BALANCE SHEET assets 18115 16423 liabilities (12010) (11904) Net assests 6105 4519 Ratio calculations Type of ratio formula 2012 2011 Liquidity ratios Current ratio Current assets Current liabilities 9593= 1.33 7194 8315 = 1.202 6916 Acid test ratio Current assets- stock Current liabilities 0.95 0.83 Net working capital ratio Net working capital Net assets 2399 = 0.39 6,105 1399 = 0.31 4,519 Working capital Current assets – current liabilities 2399 1399 Cash ratio Cash + marketable securities Current liabilities 1317 = 0.183 7194 223 = 0.032 6916 Leverage ratios Debt ratio Total liabilities Total assets 12010 = 0.66 18115 11904 = 0.725 16423 Debt /equity ratio Total liabilities Net worth 12010 = 1.97 6105 11904 = 2.6 4519 Long-term debt ratio Long term liabilities Net assets 11405 = 1.87 6105 11723 = 2 .6 4519 Profitability ratios Gross margin ratio Gross profit sales 2745 = 0.2 12161 2448= 0.2 11124 Operating margin EBIT sales 2705 = 0.045 12161 1105 = 0.019 11124 Operating ratio operating expenses sales 1918 = 0.16 12161 1714 = 0.15 11124 Net profit margin Net profit sales 2295 = 0.19 12161 848 = 0.08 11124 return of investment (ROI) Net profit after taxes Total assets 2295 = 0.127 18115 848 = 0.052 16423 Return on capital employed ROCE Net

Geographical Characteristics of Cyprus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Geographical Characteristics of Cyprus - Essay Example Cyprus experiences a subtropical climate as a benefit from the presence of mountain ranges and vast central plain which is drained by rivers. The quick-developing Cyprus economy is largely indebted to its geographic specifications and the socio-cultural influences of the migrant populations residing in the mainland. This essay will clearly study the geography of Cyprus as an evaluative overview of its climatic, demographic and socio-cultural designs. Topographic Details The charm of the topography of the country is elevated with the mighty stand of Mount Olympus. Geologists like Simmons have always focused this island for its location; Cyprus covers around 9550 square kilometers of land area that lies nearly 65 kilometers south of Turkey and 105 kilometers far from the west of Syria with four major topographic provinces including the coastal belt, the northern range, the southern range, and the central plain (6). Cyprus has a typical climate that experiences warm winters and moderate ly hot summers with a high number of sunshine hours and frequent rains in winter. The country has been renowned for its historical and epical prominence in the European civilization. This small island country is known for its rich mineral wealth, wine produces and extreme natural beauty. Interim volcanoes along the mountains and violent weather conditions across the fertile valleys make the golden-leaf like island a location of might hiding in beauty. In the opinion of Bowman, Goult and Hunt, the prominence of Greek mythology has also helped Cyprus achieve the position as the world’s hottest choice for honeymooners, bird watchers and all kinds of tourists as this island is believed to be the home of Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love. This Island features home for a wide range of plants and animals that add to its specific beauty. Economic and Political Implications of Geography Salt lakes and salt marshes that lie over a large area of the mainland makes the scarcity of wat er worse; however, there are many rivers that drain the agricultural land and meet the purpose of the population to a great extent. Cyprus is largely an agricultural region where the people engage mostly in livestock production and related trades while a large proportion of the people engage in crop production. According to an expert’s opinion, â€Å"the island’s microclimates and varied topography allow for diversified crop production† (Mirbagheri, 4). Animal husbandry involves the production and sales of milk, egg and meat of different animals. Farmers engaged in the crop production from irrigated farms produce grapes, melons, lemons and bananas while wine grapes, cereals, olives, fodders and almonds are produced mainly depending on rain-fed farms. Spring-summer cultivation of majority of crops Cyprus depend on the stored moisture of the land and deep summer crops depend on irrigation. The crops produced are largely used for the domestic consumption while the surplus is exported mainly to the European Union nations. Certain studies reveal that Cyprus gains around 480milli litter of average annual rain fall – a meager quantity compared to the requirement – a result of which farmers depend on scarce water resources for agricultural purposes (Cyprus Profile). Continuous droughts and volcanoes create water shortage in the central plains of Cyprus that

The Mauritius Institute Of Education On Teachers Education Essay

The Mauritius Institute Of Education On Teachers Education Essay Education has always been among the top priorities of every government into power. In Mauritius, education was declared free after the country gained independence from the British in 1968. Since then, every child of the country had the opportunity to go to school and learn. After the decision of free schooling, the government found the need to train sufficient teachers to work in the schools in regions where there were growing demands. Such training course is still being delivered by the Mauritius Institute of Education (MIE), which equip the future teachers with the necessary skills to deliver a quality service. From the beginning of the 21st century much emphasis is put on the quality of teaching and management in schools as it has been proven that schools with strong ethical managing members outperformed other schools in the academic results. It has always been said that Discipline is the key to success; those schools realised it through hard and structured work and achieved the best results. Discipline is not meant for pupils only and applies for teachers and even top management of the schools. Certain schools even set codes of conduct for their teachers to abide too; which provide a clear line of conduct expected from the teachers. These codes of conduct are simply ethics of care, justice, critique, profession and community put into phrases which demonstrate the expected behaviour of top management and teachers of the schools. Review of Literature The significance of school management and leadership There is great concern in educational leadership in the early part of the 21st century. Since people believe that the quality of leadership makes a significant difference to school and student outcomes. In many parts of the world, there is recognition that schools require effective leaders and managers if they are to provide the best possible education for their learners. As the global economy gathers pace, more governments are realising that their main assets are their people and that remaining, or becoming, competitive depends increasingly on the development of a highly skilled workforce. This requires trained and committed teachers but they, in turn, need the leadership of highly effective principals and the support of other senior and middle managers (Bush, in press). The process of deciding on the aims of the organization is at the heart of educational management. In most schools, aims are decided by the principal, often working in association with the senior management team and perhaps also with the school governing body. However, school aims are strongly influenced by pressures from the external environment, and particularly from the expectations of government, often expressed through legislation or formal policy statements. Schools may be left with the residual task of interpreting external imperatives rather than determining aims on the basis of their own assessment of learner needs. The key issue here is the extent to which school managers are able to modify government policy and develop alternative approaches based on school-level values and vision. (Bush 2003:1-2). Distinction between school management and leadership The concept of management overlaps with that of leadership, a notion of great contemporary interest in most countries in the developed world. However, despite these developments management remains the dominant term in the debate about aspects of school organisation. Cuban (1988) provides one of the clearest distinctions between leadership and management. He links leadership with change while management is seen as a maintenance activity. He also stresses the importance of both dimensions of organisational activity: By leadership, I mean influencing others actions in achieving desirable ends. Leaders are people who shape the goals, motivations, and actions of others. Frequently they initiate change to reach existing and new goals Leadership takes much ingenuity, energy and skill. Managing is maintaining efficiently and effectively current organisational arrangements. While managing well often exhibits leadership skills, the overall function is toward maintenance rather than change. I prize both managing and leading and attach no special value to either since different settings and times call for varied responses. Day et al.s (2001) study of twelve effective schools leads to the discussion of several dilemmas in school leadership. One of these relates to management, which is linked to systems and paper, and leadership, which is perceived to be about the development of people. Bush (1998; 2003) links leadership to values or purpose while management relates to implementation or technical issues. Leadership and management need to be given equal prominence if schools are to operate effectively and achieve their objectives. Leading and managing are distinct, but both are important The challenge of modern organizations requires the objective perspective of the manager as well as the flashes of vision and commitment wise leadership provides (Bolman Deal, 1997). Leithwood et al. (1999) make the important point that, in practice, principals in their day-to-day work are rarely aware of whether they are leading or managing; they are simply carrying out their work on behalf of the school and its learners. However, the nature of that work should reflect the school context and, in particular, its needs at any one time. Underperforming schools may require a greater emphasis on basic management, making the organization functional, rather than a visionary approach. This may involve ensuring regular and timely attendance by learners and educators, maintaining order and discipline in classrooms, and proving adequate resources to enable learning to take place. Once schools are functional, leaders can progress to developing vision, and outlining clear aims and policies, with the confidence that systems are in place to secure their implementation. Models of educational leadership and management Theories of educational management for over 20 years (Bush, 1986; 1995; 2003) have been presented and classified into six major models: formal, collegial, political, subjective, ambiguity, and cultural (see Table 1). More recently, the author of these theories has reviewed concepts of educational leadership, notably in work undertaken for the English National College for School Leadership (Bush Glover, 2002). The literature on leadership has generated a number of alternative, and competing, models. Some writers have sought to cluster these various conceptions into a number of broad themes or types. The best known of these typologies is that by Leithwood, Jantzi and Steinbach (1999), who identified six models from their scrutiny of 121 articles in four international journals. Bush and Glover (2002) extended this typology to eight models. These are among the nine leadership models shown in Table 1, alongside the management models mentioned earlier. Table : Typology of management and leadership models (Bush, 2003) Management model Leadership model Formal Collegial Political Subjective Ambiguity Cultural Managerial Participative Transformational Interpersonal Transactional Post-modern Contingency Moral Instructional Ethics Ethics refer to accepted norms and standards set by people considering them as good practices that one must follow in terms of behaviour and action. Ethics are frequently interchanged with other words such as values, morality, norms, principles and beliefs. According to Fraenkel (1973: 49), values represent everything that people regard as important in life. They represent ideas on what is good, beautiful, effective and appropriate, . and therefore worth having, worth doing, or worth striving to attain. Ethics and Values Ethical framework for education The literature provides  ¬Ã‚ ve major paradigms used to analyse ethics and ethical dilemmas. Ethic of Justice The first type of ethic is the ethic of justice. This ethic often provides a basis for legal principles and ideals. Here, one may ask questions related to the rule of law and the more abstract concepts of fairness, equity and justice. Starratt (1994) characterizes this ethic as originating in two schools of thought, one focusing on the individual as central and the other stressing society as its key component. The former generally involves the concept of social contract where the individual gives up certain rights for the good of society; it includes the work of earlier philosophers including Hobbes and Kant and more contemporary scholars such as Lawrence Kohlberg and John Rawls. The latter conceptualizes justice as emerging from communal understandings (Starratt, 1994, p. 50). Also writing within this paradigm is Kenneth Strike, a scholar who focuses on justice and its in ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence on educational decision making by stressing concepts such as maximum bene ¬Ã‚ ts and its rela tionship to respect for individual needs (Strike et al., 1998). Ethic of care Second is an ethic of care. Out of the ethic of justice, the ethic of care shifts the emphasis on rights and laws to compassion and empathy. When the ethic of care is valued, school leaders emphasize relationships and connections in the decision-making process, rather than techniques and rules associated with a hierarchical approach. Noddings (2003) work is central to this ethic as are the writings of contemporary scholars including Gilligan (1982) who challenged Kohlbergs (1981) model of ethical decision making as relates to women and Sernak (1998) who contends that school leaders must balance power with caring. Ethic of Critique Critique is the third ethic. Firmly rooted in critical theory, the ethic of critique seeks to challenge the status quo and give voice to the marginalized sectors of society. Under the ethic of critique, theorists such as Apple (2000, 2001, 2003), Capper (1993), Foster (1986) and Giroux (1991, 2000, 2003), among others, ask us to not only rethink laws and justice, but also consider other concepts such as privilege, power, culture and language. Here, one might question who makes the laws, who bene ¬Ã‚ ts from them, and how they apply to a variety of different people. Grogan (2003) and Marshall et al. (1989) join the ranks of these contemporary scholars who urge educators to consider issues of social justice in their ethical decision making. Ethic of the profession The ethic of the profession (Shapiro and Stefkovich, 2001) calls for school leaders to consider professional and personal ethical principles and codes, as well as standards of the profession and individual professional codes to create a dynamic model that places the best interests of the student as central. This paradigm considers the other frameworks as well as issues such as what the profession expects, what happens when personal and professional ethics clash, and how community in ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uences educators ethical decision making. This paradigm of the profession moves beyond a multi-paradigmatic approach and strives to consider moral aspects unique to the profession and the questions that arise as educational leaders become more aware of their own personal and professional codes of ethics (Shapiro and Stefkovich, 2001, p. 18). As Walker (1998, p. 300) points out: The well-considered shibboleth that the best interests of children will be taken to override con ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡icting inter ests may be considered both a safe and essential grounds for educational decision making. Ethic of the Community Furman (2003) proposes a  ¬Ã‚ fth ethic for educational leaders that of community. Furman (2004) explicates this ethical posture in an article appearing in this issue of the Journal of Educational Administration. For Furman, community becomes the context within which the other ethical postures are applied as school leaders make decisions in an ever-changing environment. She de ¬Ã‚ nes the ethic of community as the moral responsibility of educators to engage in communal processes. Here, the communal, rather than the individual, is the major focus of schools moral agency. This ethic is very different from Sergiovanni (1994) who views community as an entity and Shapiro and Stefkovich (2001) who see community in relation to the individual. Each of these  ¬Ã‚ ve paradigms is important to educational leaders who are asked to make ethical decisions. By considering the paradigms as complementary parts of a whole, the school leader has access to a more advanced set of tools for decision making. Ethics in School Management and Leadership For a better understanding of the impact of ethics in school management and leadership, a framework would be much appropriate. In their book, Ethical Leadership and Decision Making in Education, Shapiro and Stefkovich (2001) propose a framework for responding to ethical dilemmas. Ethical paradigms based on models of justice, caring, and critique are merged into a fourth paradigm, that of the profession. At the centre of this conceptualization is the best interests of the student. Educators have often used this concept to justify important moral and ethical decisions; therefore it seems apt that this concept would lie at the heart of a professional paradigm. Application of Ethics in School Management and Leadership The point that school administrative decision making requires more than the mechanical application of existing rules, regulations and various levels of school and school-related policy has been well established (Hoy and Miskel, 2005). The essential aspects of school leadership are more than simply possessing and carrying out certain technical skills to ensure effective and ef ¬Ã‚ cient management of organizational operations (Sergiovanni, 2009). The emphasis and preoccupation with bureaucratic scientism and management perspectives has given way to the importance of value, moral, and ethical bases for educational leadership decision making. There is an increasing recognition that putatively value free administrative decisions and actions are actually value-laden, even value-saturated enterprises(s) (Hodgkinson, 1978, p.122) that undergird our understanding of what Green ¬Ã‚ eld (1985, 1999), and others (Green, 1990) have articulated in more precise terms as the careful location of purpose and worth in things, or in other words moral education and moral leadership. This recognition of value-driven, moral leadership action, according to Hodgkinson (1978), is an administrative logic of a new order. The Ethic of the Profession and the Model for Promoting Students Best Interests (Shapiro and Stefkovich, 2001, 2005; Stefkovich, 2006), recognizes moral aspects unique to the profession that are primarily client-based and highlights the inevitable internal struggle experienced by school leaders due to a wide variety of considerations and factors that seek to inform and in ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence their moral practice as school leaders. This existential struggle can be characterized as a phenomenon of intrapersonal moral discord experienced as part of the process of deciding ethically when faced with dif ¬Ã‚ cult moral choices centered on personal versus organizational and/or professional value discrepancy, described as a clashing of codes within the framework. The professional ethic recognizes moral aspects unique to the profession of educational leadership and grounds the moral dimension of the profession on the monothetic injunction to serve the best interests of the student (Shapiro and Stefkovich, 2001, p.23) whereby promoting the success of all students (ISLLC, 1996, p. 8) by focusing on the needs of children (Walker, 1998).